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Transforming Education in India: A Journey from Tradition to Innovation

12 Jul 2023

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mins to learn this perspective

- By Samruddhi Gole, Senior Research Associate, Leadership For Equity


India, a land steeped in rich cultural heritage, has a vibrant history of imparting knowledge and education dating back to ancient times. This nation has witnessed a massive transformation in its education system, evolving from traditional Gurukuls to modern schools and now to online colleges. This article will delve into the evolution of the Indian education system, highlighting its historical roots, current status, future prospects, and the transformative role of the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020.


Unravelling India's Educational Heritage


Traditionally, Indian education was primarily reserved for the upper castes. However, societal evolution has bridged this gap, and today, education is universally accessible, regardless of caste, social class, or any other differentiating factors.


The first education system in India, dating back to 5000 BC, was the 'Gurukula' system. In this model, a student (shishya) would approach a teacher (Guru) for admission. If accepted, the student would stay with the Guru, assisting with household chores while learning practical skills, science, mathematics, philosophy, and metaphysics. This holistic education system emphasizes the development of human values and the practical implementation of knowledge to solve real-world problems.

However, the Gurukula system was eventually replaced by the modern school system introduced to India in 1830 by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay. This system prioritized science and mathematics, with less emphasis on philosophy, ethics, moral values, and metaphysics. The medium of communication was also changed to English.


Current State of Education in India: Facts & Figures


Under the 2020 amendment to India's Right to Education Act, free and compulsory education is ensured for every child aged 3-18. Here are some statistics related to India's education system:

  • 26% of the Indian population, approximately 1.39 billion, falls within the primary education sector (0-14 years).

  • 18% of the Indian population, roughly 500 million, fall within the secondary and higher education sector (15-24 years).

  • The adult (15+ years) literacy rate in India is 69.3%, with male literacy a